Ukugquma kwe-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys

1. Ukukwazi ukusebenza nge-brazeability

Ipropati yokugquma ye-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys ayilunganga, ikakhulu kuba ifilimu ye-oxide kumphezulu kunzima ukuyisusa. I-aluminium inobuhlobo obukhulu neoksijini. Kulula ukwenza ifilimu ye-oxide exineneyo, eqinileyo nephezulu yokunyibilika i-Al2O3 kumphezulu. Kwangaxeshanye, ii-aluminium alloys ezine-magnesium nazo ziya kwenza ifilimu ye-oxide eqinileyo i-MgO. Ziya kuthintela kakhulu ukumanzisa kunye nokusasazwa kwe-solder. Kwaye kunzima ukuyisusa. Ngexesha lokugquma, inkqubo yokugquma inokwenziwa kuphela ngokujikeleza okufanelekileyo.

Okwesibini, ukusebenza kwe-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy brazing kunzima. Indawo yokunyibilika kwe-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy ayifani kakhulu neyokusetyenziswa kwe-brazing filler metal. Uluhlu lobushushu olukhethiweyo lwe-brazing luncinci kakhulu. Ulawulo oluncinci lobushushu olungafanelekanga kulula ukubangela ubushushu obugqithisileyo okanye ukunyibilika kwesinyithi esisisiseko, okwenza inkqubo ye-brazing ibe nzima. Ezinye ii-aluminium alloys eziqiniswe kunyango lobushushu ziya kubangela neziganeko zokuthambisa ezifana nokuguga kakhulu okanye ukutsalwa ngenxa yokufudumeza kwe-brazing, okuya kunciphisa iipropati zamalungu e-brazing. Ngexesha le-flame brazing, kunzima ukugweba ubushushu kuba umbala we-aluminium alloy awutshintshi ngexesha lokufudumeza, nto leyo ekwanyusa neemfuno zenqanaba lokusebenza komqhubi.

Ngaphezu koko, ukumelana nokugqwala kwamalungu e-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy brased kuchaphazeleka lula ziintsimbi kunye nee-fluxes ze-filler. Amandla e-electrode e-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy ahluke kakhulu kulawo e-solder, nto leyo enciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwejoyinti, ingakumbi kwijoyinti ethambileyo ye-soldering. Ukongeza, uninzi lwee-fluxes ezisetyenziswa kwi-brazing ye-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys zinokonakala okunamandla. Nokuba zicociwe emva kwe-brazing, impembelelo ye-fluxes kwi-corrosion resistance yamalungu ayizukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo.

2. Izinto zokugquma

(1) Ukugquma i-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys yindlela engasetyenziswa rhoqo, kuba ukwakheka kunye nobuchule be-electrode be-brazing filler metal kunye ne-base metal zahlukile kakhulu, nto leyo elula ukubangela ukugqwala kwe-electrochemical kwi-joint. I-soldering ethambileyo isebenzisa ikakhulu i-zinc based solder kunye ne-tin lead solder, enokwahlulwa ibe yi-solder yobushushu obuphantsi (150 ~ 260 ℃), i-solder yobushushu obuphakathi (260 ~ 370 ℃) kunye ne-solder yobushushu obuphezulu (370 ~ 430 ℃) ngokwezinga lobushushu. Xa kusetyenziswa i-tin lead solder kwaye i-copper okanye i-nickel ifakwe ngaphambili kumphezulu we-aluminium ukuze igqume, ukugqwala kwindawo edibeneyo kunokuthintelwa, ukuze kuphuculwe ukuxhathisa kokugqwala kwe-joint.

Ukugquma kwe-aluminium kunye nee-alloys ze-aluminium kusetyenziswa kakhulu, njengesikhokelo sesihluzi, i-evaporator, i-radiator kunye nezinye izinto. Ziintsimbi zokuzalisa ezisekelwe kwi-aluminium kuphela ezinokusetyenziselwa ukugquma kwe-aluminium kunye nee-alloys ze-aluminium, phakathi kwazo iintsimbi zokuzalisa ze-aluminium silicon zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ububanzi obuthile bokusetyenziswa kunye namandla okucheba kwamalungu agqumayo kuboniswe kwiTheyibhile 8 kunye neTheyibhile 9 ngokulandelelana. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokunyibilika kwale solder isondele kweyesinyithi esisisiseko, ngoko ke ubushushu bokufudumeza kufuneka bulawulwe ngokungqongqo nangokuchanekileyo ngexesha lokugquma ukuze kuthintelwe ukugqithisa okanye ukunyibilika kwesinyithi esisisiseko.

Itheyibhile 8 ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kweentsimbi ze-brazing filler ze-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys

Itheyibhile 9 yokuqina kokucheba kwe-aluminiyam kunye neejoyinti ze-aluminiyam ze-alloy eziqiniswe ngeentsimbi ze-aluminiyam ze-silicon filler

I-aluminium silicon solder idla ngokunikezelwa ngendlela yepowder, i-paste, ucingo okanye ishiti. Kwezinye iimeko, kusetyenziswa iipleyiti ze-solder composite ezine-aluminium njengesiseko kunye ne-aluminium silicon solder njenge-cladding. Olu hlobo lwepleyiti ye-solder composite lwenziwa ngendlela ye-hydraulic kwaye luhlala lusetyenziswa njengenxalenye yezinto ze-brazing. Ngexesha le-brazing, isinyithi se-brazing filler kwipleyiti ye-composite siyanyibilika kwaye sihamba phantsi kwesenzo se-capillary kunye nomxhuzulane ukuze kuzaliswe umsantsa odibeneyo.

(2) I-Flux kunye negesi yokukhusela kwi-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy brazing, i-flux ekhethekileyo idla ngokusetyenziswa ukususa ifilimu. I-organic flux esekelwe kwi-triethanolamine, efana ne-fs204, isetyenziswa kunye ne-soft solder enobushushu obuphantsi. Inzuzo yale flux kukuba ayinayo impembelelo ingako yokugqwala kwisinyithi esisisiseko, kodwa iya kuvelisa inani elikhulu legesi, eliya kuchaphazela ukumanzisa kunye nokuxinana kwe-solder. I-reactive flux esekelwe kwi-zinc chloride, efana ne-fs203 kunye ne-fs220a, isetyenziswa kunye ne-soft solder enobushushu obuphakathi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. I-reactive flux idla ngokugqwala kakhulu, kwaye intsalela yayo kufuneka isuswe emva kwe-brazing.

Okwangoku, ukugquma kwe-aluminium kunye nee-alloys ze-aluminium kusalawulwa kukususwa kwefilimu ye-flux. I-brazing flux esetyenziswayo iquka i-chloride based flux kunye ne-fluoride based flux. I-chloride based flux inamandla okususa ifilimu ye-oxide kunye nokugeleza okuhle, kodwa inefuthe elikhulu lokubola kwisinyithi esisisiseko. Intsalela yayo kufuneka isuswe ngokupheleleyo emva kokugquma. I-flux esekelwe kwi-fluoride luhlobo olutsha lwe-flux, olunefuthe elihle lokususa ifilimu kwaye alunawo umhlwa kwisinyithi esisisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, ineqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kunye nozinzo olubi lobushushu, kwaye ingasetyenziswa kuphela nge-aluminium silicon solder.

Xa kusetyenziswa i-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys, kusetyenziswa umoya ongcolileyo, ongathathi cala okanye ongasebenziyo. Xa kusetyenziswa i-vacuum brazing, iqondo le-vacuum ngokubanzi kufuneka lifikelele kwi-10-3pa. Xa kusetyenziswa igesi ye-nitrogen okanye ye-argon ukukhusela, ubunyulu bayo kufuneka bube phezulu kakhulu, kwaye iqondo lombethe kufuneka libe ngaphantsi kwe--40 ℃.

3. Itekhnoloji yokurhawula

Ukugquma i-aluminium kunye nee-alloys ze-aluminium kuneemfuneko eziphezulu zokucocwa komphezulu wezinto zokusebenza. Ukuze ufumane umgangatho olungileyo, i-oil stain kunye ne-oxide film kumphezulu kufuneka kususwe ngaphambi kokugquma. Susa i-oil stain kumphezulu ngesisombululo samanzi se-Na2CO3 kubushushu obuyi-60 ~ 70 ℃ imizuzu emi-5 ~ 10, uze uhlambe ngamanzi acocekileyo; I-surface oxide film ingasuswa ngokugrumba ngesisombululo samanzi se-NaOH kubushushu obuyi-20 ~ 40 ℃ imizuzu emi-2 ~ 4, uze uhlambe ngamanzi ashushu; Emva kokususa i-oil stain kunye ne-oxide film kumphezulu, i-workpiece kufuneka iphathwe ngesisombululo samanzi se-HNO3 ukuze ikhanye kangangemizuzu emi-2 ~ 5, emva koko icocwe ngamanzi abalekayo ize yomiswe ekugqibeleni. I-workpiece ephathwe ngezi ndlela ayizukuchukunyiswa okanye ingcoliswe ngolunye uthuli, kwaye iya kugquma ngaphakathi kweeyure ezi-6 ~ 8. Kungcono ukugquma ngoko nangoko ukuba kunokwenzeka.

Iindlela zokugquma ze-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys ziquka ukugquma kwelangabi, ukugquma kwesinyithi kunye nokugquma kwesithando somlilo. Ezi ndlela zihlala zisebenzisa ukugquma kwi-brazing, kwaye zinemiqathango engqongqo kubushushu bokufudumeza kunye nexesha lokubamba. Ngexesha lokugquma kwelangabi kunye nokugquma kwesinyithi, kuphephe ukufudumeza ukugquma ngokuthe ngqo ngumthombo wobushushu ukuthintela ukugquma ekutshiseni nasekusileleni. Ekubeni i-aluminium inokunyibilika kwi-solder ethambileyo enomxholo ophezulu we-zinc, ukufudumeza kufuneka kumiswe xa ijoyinti yenziwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola kwesinyithi esisisiseko. Kwezinye iimeko, ukugquma kwe-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys ngamanye amaxesha akusebenzisi ukugquma, kodwa kusebenzisa iindlela ze-ultrasonic okanye zokugquma ukususa ifilimu. Xa usebenzisa ukugquma ukususa ifilimu yokugquma, qala ngokufudumeza i-workpiece ukuya kubushushu bokugquma, uze emva koko ugqume inxalenye yokugquma ye-workpiece ngesiphelo sentonga yokugquma (okanye isixhobo sokugquma). Ngelixa uphula ifilimu ye-oxide yomphezulu, isiphelo se-solder siya kunyibilika kwaye simanzise isinyithi esisisiseko.

Iindlela zokubraza ze-aluminium kunye nee-aluminium alloys ziquka ukubraza kwelangabi, ukubraza kwesithando somlilo, ukubraza kwediphu, ukubraza nge-vacuum kunye nokubraza okukhuselweyo yigesi. Ukubraza kwelangabi kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokusebenza ezincinci kunye nemveliso yesiqwenga esinye. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukungaphumeleli kokuflux ngenxa yokudibana phakathi kokungcola kwi-acetylene kunye nokuflux xa usebenzisa ilangabi le-oxyacetylene, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa ilangabi lomoya elicinezelweyo lepetroli elinokunciphisa kancinci ukuthintela ukubola kwesinyithi esisisiseko. Ngexesha lokubraza okuthile, ukubraza kwe-flux kunye nesinyithi sokuzalisa zingabekwa kwindawo ebrazed kwangaphambili kwaye zifudunyezwe ngaxeshanye nesixhobo somsebenzi; Isixhobo somsebenzi sinokufudunyezwa kubushushu be-brazing kuqala, kwaye emva koko i-solder edityiweyo nge-flux ingathunyelwa kwindawo yokubraza; Emva kokuba isinyithi sokuzalisa kunye nesiqulathi sinyibilikisiwe, ilangabi lokufudumeza kufuneka lisuswe kancinci emva kokuba isinyithi sokuzalisa sizaliswe ngokulinganayo.

Xa kusenziwa i-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy kwi-air furnace, i-brazing filler metal kufuneka icwangciswe kwangaphambili, kwaye i-brazing flux mayinyibilikiswe emanzini acocekileyo ukulungiselela isisombululo esityebileyo esinoxinzelelo lwe-50% ~ 75%, emva koko ifakwe okanye itshizwe kumphezulu we-brazing. Ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-powder brazing flux bunokugqunywa kwi-brazing filler metal kunye nomphezulu we-brazing, kwaye emva koko i-weldment edibeneyo mayibekwe kwi-furnace ukuze kufudunyezwe i-brazing. Ukuze kuthintelwe i-base metal ukuba ingatshisi kakhulu okanye inyibilike, ubushushu bokufudumeza kufuneka bulawulwe ngokungqongqo.

I-solder ye-paste okanye ye-foil isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-dip brazing ye-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys. I-workpiece edibeneyo kufuneka itshiswe ngaphambi kwe-brazing ukuze iqondo layo lisondele kubushushu be-brazing, ize intywiliswe kwi-brazing flux ye-brazing. Ngexesha le-brazing, ubushushu be-brazing kunye nexesha le-brazing kufuneka kulawulwe ngokungqongqo. Ukuba ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, i-base metal kulula ukuyinyibilikisa kwaye i-solder kulula ukuyilahleka; Ukuba ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu, i-solder ayinyibiliki ngokwaneleyo, kwaye izinga le-brazing liyehla. Ubushushu be-brazing buya kugqitywa ngohlobo kunye nobukhulu be-base metal, ukwakheka kunye nendawo yokunyibilika kwe-filler metal, kwaye ngokubanzi iphakathi kobushushu be-liquidus ye-filler metal kunye nobushushu be-solidus ye-base metal. Ixesha lokuntywiliselwa kwe-workpiece kwi-flux bath kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba i-solder inokunyibilika kwaye ihambe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ixesha lokuxhasa akufuneki libe lide kakhulu. Ngaphandle koko, i-silicon element kwi-solder inokusasaza kwi-base metal, okwenza i-base metal kufutshane nomthungo ibe brittle.

Kwi-vacuum brazing ye-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys, ii-activators zokusebenza kwesinyithi zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukutshintsha ifilimu ye-oxide yomphezulu we-aluminium kunye nokuqinisekisa ukumanzisa kunye nokusasazwa kwe-solder. I-Magnesium ingasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-workpiece ngendlela yamasuntswana, okanye ifakwe kwindawo ye-brazing ngendlela yomphunga, okanye i-magnesium ingongezwa kwi-aluminium silicon solder njengento ye-alloy. Kwi-workpiece enesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo, ukuqinisekisa isiphumo esipheleleyo somphunga we-magnesium kwisinyithi esisisiseko kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-brazing, amanyathelo enkqubo yokukhusela asekuhlaleni ahlala ethathwa, oko kukuthi, i-workpiece ibekwa kuqala kwibhokisi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo (eyaziwa ngokuba yibhokisi yenkqubo), ize ibekwe kwi-vacuum furnace yokufudumeza i-brazing. Ii-Vacuum Brazed Ii-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy joints zinomphezulu ogudileyo kunye namalungu axineneyo e-brazing, kwaye akufuneki zicocwe emva kwe-brazing; Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ze-vacuum brazing zibiza kakhulu, kwaye umphunga we-magnesium ungcolisa i-furnace kakhulu, ngoko ke kufuneka icocwe kwaye igcinwe rhoqo.

Xa kusenziwa i-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloys kwindawo engathathi cala okanye engasebenziyo, i-magnesium activator okanye i-flux ingasetyenziselwa ukususa ifilimu. Xa kusenziwa i-magnesium activator ukususa ifilimu, ubungakanani be-magnesium obufunekayo buphantsi kakhulu kunobo be-vacuum brazing. Ngokubanzi, i-w (mg) imalunga ne-0.2% ~ 0.5%. Xa umxholo we-magnesium uphezulu, umgangatho wejoyinti uya kuncipha. Indlela ye-NOCOLOK brazing esebenzisa i-fluoride flux kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-nitrogen yindlela entsha ephuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ekubeni intsalela ye-fluoride flux ingafunxi umswakama kwaye ayibolisi kwi-aluminium, inkqubo yokususa intsalela ye-flux emva kwe-brazing inokushiywa. Phantsi kokukhuselwa kwe-nitrogen, kufuneka kugqunywe i-fluoride flux encinci, isinyithi esizalisayo sinokumanzisa kakuhle isinyithi esisisiseko, kwaye kulula ukufumana amalungu e-brazed asemgangathweni ophezulu. Okwangoku, le ndlela ye-NOCOLOK brazing isetyenzisiwe kwimveliso enkulu ye-aluminium radiator kunye nezinye izinto.

Kwi-aluminium kunye ne-aluminium alloy ezifakwe i-flux ngaphandle kwe-fluoride flux, i-flux residue kufuneka isuswe ngokupheleleyo emva kwe-brazing. Intsalela ye-organic brazing flux ye-aluminium inokuhlanjwa ngezisombululo ze-organic ezifana ne-methanol kunye ne-trichlorethylene, isuswe ngesisombululo samanzi se-sodium hydroxide, kwaye ekugqibeleni icocwe ngamanzi ashushu nabandayo. I-chloride yintsalela ye-brazing flux ye-aluminium, enokususwa ngokweendlela ezilandelayo; Okokuqala, cwilisa emanzini ashushu kwi-60 ~ 80 ℃ imizuzu eli-10, coca ngononophelo intsalela kwi-brazed joint ngebrashi, kwaye uyicoce ngamanzi abandayo; Emva koko uyicwilise kwisisombululo samanzi se-nitric acid se-15% imizuzu engama-30, kwaye ekugqibeleni uyihlambe ngamanzi abandayo.